Frontier between Balochistan and Afghanistan before the Durand agreement of 1893.
Date 1948, 1958, 1963 - 1969, 1973 - 1977, 2004 – 2009 Location Balochistan Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Pakistan	Balochistan Liberation Army
Commanders
Asif Ali Zardari	Feudals, Overlords, Tribal Leaders. Suspected funding by Indian intelligence

The controversial history of the south-western region of Pakistan dates back to the time when the Durand Line was drawn by the British in 1893 after fighting two wars with Afghanistan. The border was drawn to divide the Pashtun and Baloch tribes of the area into the international borders of Iran, Afghanistan and what later became West Pakistan (present day Pakistan). The Balochs found their nomadic ways disrupted by the division created by the international borders, and were not happy with the outcome, and hence the seed of strife was sown.

Afghanistan also strongly objected to the inclusion of ethnic Pashtun and Afghan areas into present day Pakistan. When India and Pakistan eventually gained independence from the British in August 1947, provinces were given the choice of either joining Pakistan or India or being independent. Khan of Kalat, Mir Ahmed Yar Khan declared Kalat's independence. The Governor-general Lord Mountbatten decided that the province would not survive as an independent entity and that offer was taken off the table^{[citation needed]}.

 Area of dispute

Historical Balochistan comprises the Balochistan region. In the west, is the southern part of Sistan o Baluchestan province, Iran. In the east is Pakistani Balochistan. In the north is the Helmand province of Afghanistan. The Gulf of Oman forms its southern border.

Pakistani Balochistan is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Although it is the largest (45% of the country's area) of the country's four provinces, it is the least populated (only 5% of the country's population) and the least developed.

Main characters

There are three distinct parties involved and affected by this conflict:

• Central governments (1946-2006)
   
• Sardars (Tribal chiefs)
   
• Baloch people
   

First conflict 1948 (led by Mir Ahmad Yar Khan)

In April 1948 the central government sent the Pakistan army who forced Mir Ahmed Yar Khan to give up his state. Mir Ahmed Yar Khan signed an accession agreement ending Kalat's de facto independence. His brother, Prince Karim Khan, decided to carry on with the struggle. Basing himself in Afghanistan he conducted guerrilla warfare against the Pakistan army^[1]. Later he was killed in clashes with the army along with many of his supporters^{[citation needed]}.

Second conflict (1958-59 led by Nawab Nowroz Khan)

Nawab Nowroz Khan took up arms in resistance to the One Unit policy designed and initiated by the federal government to eliminate ethnic and provincial divides and prejudices. He and his followers were charged with treason and arrested and confined in Hyderabad jail. Five of his family members (sons and nephews) were subsequently hanged. Nawab Nowroz Khan later died in captivity.^[2]

Third conflict 1963-69 (led by Sher Mohammad Bijarani Marri)

After the second conflict the Federal government sent the Army to build new garrisons in the key trouble areas of Balochistan. Sher Mohammad Bijarani Marri led like-minded militants to start a guerrilla warfare against the establishment of these posts by creating its own posts of insurgency spreading over 45,000 miles (72,000 km) of land from the Mengal tribal area in the south to the Marri and Bugti tribal areas in the north. The insurgents bombed railway tracks and ambushed convoys. The Army retaliated by destroying vast areas of the Marri tribe. This insurgency ended in 1969 when Yahya Khan abolished the "One Unit" policy and the Balochs agreed to a ceasefire ^[3]. This eventually led to the recognition of Balochistan as the fourth province of West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) in 1970.

Fourth conflict 1973-77 (led by Nawab Khair Baksh Marri)

For more details on this topic, see Baloch Insurgency and Rahimuddin's Stabilization.

In 1972, major political parties from a wide spectrum of political ideology united against the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (the then President of Pakistan) and formed the National Awami Party NAP and demanded more representation for the ethnic Baloch in the government. This did not sit well with Bhutto's approach, seen by some as elitist and authoritarian. In February 1973, in the presence of news media and the Iraqi ambassador to Islamabad, the police opened a consignment of Iraqi diplomatic pouches containing arms, ammunition and guerrilla warfare literature. The Pakistani intelligence agencies claimed these arms were en route to the Baloch (Marri) insurgents of Balochistan. Citing treason, Bhutto subsequently dismissed the provincial government of Balochistan and imposed governor rule. Secretly, the intelligence agencies as well as Bhutto knew the real intended party of the arms consignment were the ethnic Balochs of Iran. This was Iraq's response to Iran's support for the Kurds in northern Iraq.^[4]

Dismissal of the provincial government led to armed insurgency. Khair Bakhsh Marri formed the Balochistan People’s Liberation Front (BPLF) which led large numbers of Marri and Mengal tribesmen into guerrilla warfare against the central government. ^[5]
 

According to several authors, the Pakistani military lost 3,000 to 3,300 soldiers during the conflict with the Balochi separatists,^[6] while the Balouch lost 7,300 separatists, during this period are estimated at 8,000.^[6]

Fifth conflict 2004-to date (lead by Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti and Mir Balach Marri)

Due to government policies in 2004 Baluchistan was up in arms against the federal government, with the Baluchistan Liberation Army, Baluchistan Liberation Front, and People's Liberation Army conducting operations. Rocket attacks and bomb blasts have been a regular feature in the provincial capital, particularly its cantonment areas of Kohlu and Sui Town, since 2000, and had claimed over 25 lives by mid-2004.

The Gwadar Port project employed close to 500 Chinese nationals by 2004. On 03 May 2004, the BLA killed three Chinese engineers working on the Port. Gwadar Airport was attacked by rockets at midnight on 21 May 2004. On 09 October 2004, two Chinese engineers were kidnapped in South Waziristan in the northwest of Pakistan, one of whom was killed later on October 14 in a rescue operation.

Pakistan blames India and Iran for fanning the insurgency in Baluchistan.

Violence reached a crescendo in August 2005 when the Pakistani government killed Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti, Sardar (tribal leader) who had fought against the government for decades.
 

Main Characters (Indian & foreign elements)

Pakistan Army claims that Balochistan Liberation Army is clandestinely funded by the Afghan government and its arms illegally flow into Baluchistan through the Pakistan-Afghanistan porous border^{[citation needed]}. Iran also has strategic interests in the region and keeps an eye on the affairs of Balochistan^{[citation needed]}. However, above all, the alleged involvement of the Indian intelligence agencies in the arming and support of the BLA, as well as some previous Baloch insurgencies, through Afghanistan has been vigorously argued stated by Pakistan. There have been many key external "Indian elements" that have been allegedly unravelled and identified in the cause of the conflict.
 

Development

Balochistan's population consists of mix between Balochi & Pashtuns but Pashtuns enjoy a reasonable representation in the state & military jobs of Pakistan and their more religious leaning makes them mainly more pro-Pakistan. It is widely believed that the government of Pakistan needs to bring an end to the tribal system and provide more job opportunities to the common Balochistani, in the name of education. As such, steps are being taken for industrialisation of the province and industrial zones are planned along the new Gawadar-Karachi highway. This development is expected to bring accelerated progress in the near future although uprisings against the decline of the tribal system will probably accompany such a situation. Pakistan had invested huge amount of money in the educational, development, roads, health centers etc in Balochistan.^{[citation needed]}
 

• List of wars 2003-current 

Baloch nationalism   Regions Greater Balochistan · Balochistan (Pakistan) · Sistan and Baluchestan Province (Iran) · Nimruz Province (Afghanistan)     Parties and student groups Balochistan National Party · Jamhoori Watan Party · National Party · Baloch Students Organization · Baloch Students Organization- Awami · Balochistan Peoples Party[1]     Militant groups Balochistan Liberation Army · Balochistan Liberation Front · Baluch People's Liberation Front · Popular Front for Armed Resistance · Baluchi Liberation Front · Baluchi Autonomist Movement · Front of Nimruz · Baloch Republican Army · Parrari     Key figures Jumma Khan Marri · Khair Bakhsh Marri · Akbar Bugti · Dad Shah · Sher Mohammad Marri · Ataullah Mengal · Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo · Nawab Nowroz Khan · Balach Marri · Brahamdagh Khan Bugti · Hameed Baloch · Allah Nazar Baloch · Abdul Hai Baloch     History Balochistan conflict · 1970s Insurgency · Iraqi support · Arms discovery in Iraqi Embassy     National myths/epics Mir Chakar Rind · Hani and Sheh Mureed

 Reference

External links

• paki.in/WTF-Baloch Liberation; from whom?
   
• http://www.bso-na.org/
   
• http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/0ADA0C78-0ECA-4090-B56B-DCCB85853F4F.htm
   
• http://www.balochvoice.com/index_a.html
   

Video links

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xpagDaQDWE